Yarn introduction

Yarn is a kind of textile, processed into a certain fineness product with various textile fibers, used for weaving, rope making, thread making, knitting and embroidery, etc. It is divided into short fiber yarn, continuous filament and so on.

There are many ways to express the fineness of yarn, such as number, metric count, imperial count, denier, etc. (see count). The twist of the yarn is expressed in the number of turns per meter or inch.

Wool yarn and wool are generally used for spinning woolen sweaters, woolen pants, woolen vests, scarves, hats and gloves, and knitting various spring and autumn clothing items. In addition to keeping warm, they also have decorative functions.


Yarn is divided into: ①Short fiber yarn, which is processed by spinning short fiber (natural short fiber or chemical fiber cut fiber), divided into ring yarn, open-end spinning, self-twisting and so on. ② Continuous filaments, such as natural silk and chemical fiber filaments, with or without twisting, smooth filaments or deformed filaments. ③Combined yarn of short fiber and continuous filament, such as polyester-cotton filament core-spun yarn, etc. The thread is formed by combining two or more single yarns.

There are many ways to express the fineness of yarn, such as number, metric count, imperial count, denier, etc. (see count). The twist of the yarn is expressed in the number of turns per meter or inch. The direction of twisting is divided into S twist and Z twist. Within a certain twist range, the strength of the yarn increases as the twist increases. The twist direction of the single yarn and the twist direction of the strand are selected according to the purpose of the strand. Usually single yarns and strands use the opposite twist direction, that is, ZS or SZ. There is an optimal ratio between the twist of the single yarn and the strand. In this range, the strength of the strand increases with the increase of the twist of the strand, and the strength of the strand decreases when the critical value is exceeded. The properties of the fiber and the spinning method play a decisive role in the performance of the yarn. During the twisting process of ring-spun yarn, due to fiber transfer, from the inner layer of the yarn to the outer layer, and then from the outer layer to the inner layer, the transfer is repeated many times. The fiber is spiral around the axis of the yarn, and the spiral radius is along the axis Increase or decrease alternately. At this time, the long-length fibers tend to the axis of the yarn more, and the short-length fibers tend to the outer layer of the yarn. The finer fiber tends to the axis of the yarn, and the thicker fiber tends to the outer layer of the yarn. The fibers with a smaller initial modulus are more located in the outer layer, and the fibers with a larger initial modulus are more located in the inner layer. Reasonable selection of fibers with different properties can be spun into yarns of different styles to adapt to different fabric uses or improve wearability. Since the length, fineness and cross-sectional shape of the fiber can be arbitrarily selected for the chemical fiber, the outer garment fabric should be a blend of chemical fiber and cotton with a slightly thicker fiber and a shorter length to increase the hairy feel on the surface of the yarn. Underwear fabrics should choose chemical fibers with slightly thinner fibers and longer lengths, so that cotton fibers are in the outer layer of the yarn to improve moisture absorption and wearing comfort. Open-end spinning includes yarns spun from open-end spinning, electrostatic spinning, vortex spinning, etc. Because the fiber transfers less inward during twisting, the yarn core is tighter on the inside and looser on the outside than the outer layer, the structure is looser, and the fiber straightness Poor, poor cohesion between fibers, low yarn strength, but good dyeability and wear resistance. Self-twisted spinning yarn is also called self-twisted yarn. It uses the twisting roller to produce periodic positive and negative twists on the strands. There are periodic non-twisting points on the finished yarn, so the strength is low. Generally, the twisted yarn is twisted. Weave after stranding.

Filament yarn is a bundle of filaments (such as natural silk, chemical fiber or rayon) combined together; mainly polyester filament, viscose filament, nylon filament and so on.

Fancy yarn is mainly manifested as changes in the appearance or color of the yarn. Mainly include wrapping, core-spun, bamboo joints, belly, colored dots, wave shapes, braids, towels, circles, knots, feathers, toothbrushes, centipedes, ribbons, section dyes, chenilles and so on.

Characteristic Parameters
1) Bulk density: reflects the characteristics of fiber stacking;

2) The twist angle and crimp of the fiber: reflect the straightness of the fiber along the yarn axis;

3) The number of strands and twist direction of the strand:

4) Linear density (diameter) and coefficient of variation: reflect yarn thickness and changes

5) The force between the fibers (friction factor, entanglement point, action segment or slip length, etc.): reflects the stability of the yarn structure


There are two solutions to the problem of yarn strength. One method is to use more advanced spinning technology to spin yarns that can be applied to easy-care fabrics without changing the raw materials, such as compact ring spinning technology.

The second method is to adjust the raw materials and change the yarn structure. The original natural fiber and the fiber with excellent performance and easy-care requirements can be combined through a certain spinning method to obtain an ideal yarn. There are blended yarns, composite yarns, etc., which are introduced separately below.

1. Blended yarn

The mixed spinning of two or more kinds of fibers mainly adopts the method of bulk fiber blending and strip blending. Increase the strength of the entire yarn through the original fiber raw materials and other fibers with high strength and high modulus. Such composite yarns include traditional polyester/cotton, polyester/viscose, polyester/wool, etc., as well as polyester/cotton/Tencel fiber, polyester/cotton/cashmere, etc.

2. Composite yarn

Two different fibers are intertwined with single yarns or filaments to resemble a strand structure, which can be spun on a modified spinning frame or on a hollow spindle. Mainly include Siro spinning, Syrofil spinning, wrapping spinning, core spinning and so on.

product category

Classified by yarn material

Pure spinning

Pure spinning yarn is a yarn spun from a fiber material, such as cotton yarn, wool yarn, hemp yarn and spun yarn. This type of yarn is suitable for making pure textiles.

Blended yarn

Blended yarn is a yarn spun from two or more fibers, such as polyester and cotton blended yarn, wool and viscose blended yarn, etc. This type of yarn is used in fabrics that highlight the advantages of both fibers.

Classified by yarn thickness

Coarse yarn

Coarse special yarn refers to yarns of 32 tex and above (18 British counts and below). This kind of yarn is suitable for thick and thick fabrics, such as tweed, plain cloth and so on.

Special yarn

Middle special yarn refers to 21-32 special yarn (19-28 British counts in British system). This kind of yarn is suitable for medium and thick fabrics, such as medium plain cloth, gabardine, khaki and so on.

Fine yarn

Fine special yarn refers to 11-20 special yarn (29-54 British counts in British system). This type of yarn is suitable for thin fabrics, such as muslin, poplin and so on.

Special yarn

Extra-fine special yarn refers to yarns of 10 tex and below (58 British counts and above in the British system). This type of yarn is suitable for high-end fine fabrics, such as high-count shirts and worsted close-fitting sweaters.

Classified by spinning system

Worsted yarn

Worsted yarn, also called combed yarn, refers to yarn spun through a combing process, including combed cotton yarn and combed wool yarn. The parallel straightness of the fibers in the yarn is high, the evenness, smooth, but the cost is higher, and the yarn count is higher. Combed yarns are mainly used as raw materials for high-end fabrics and knitwear, such as fine spinning, gabardine, tweed, sweaters, etc.

Woolen yarn

Woollen yarn is also called carded wool yarn or carded cotton yarn, which refers to the yarn that is carded according to the general spinning system and does not go through the combing process. Woolen yarn contains more short fiber, poor parallel straightness of fiber, loose structure, more hairy, low yarn count and poor quality. Such yarns are mostly used as raw materials for general fabrics and knitwear, such as woolen fabrics, cotton fabrics above medium and special grades, etc.

Waste spinning

Waste spinning refers to yarn spun from textile scraps (waste cotton) or mixed with low-grade raw materials. The yarn is of poor quality, softness, unevenness, a lot of impurities, and poor color. Generally, it is only used to weave low-grade fabrics such as coarse cotton blankets, terry cloth and packaging cloth.

Classified by spinning method

Ring spun yarn

Ring spinning refers to the yarn made by twisting on the ring spinning machine using traditional spinning methods. The fibers in the yarn are entangled and connected inside and outside, and the yarn structure is tight and the strength is high. However, because a set of mechanisms is used to complete the twisting and winding work at the same time, the production efficiency is limited. This kind of yarn has a wide range of uses and can be used in all kinds of fabrics, braids, and ropes.

Free end yarn

Free-end yarn means that the fibers are condensed and twisted into yarn in the flow field of the high-speed rotating rotor or in the electrostatic field. The twisting and winding of the yarn are completed by different parts, so the efficiency is high and the cost is high. Lower.

Air yarn

Airflow yarn is also called rotor spinning, which uses airflow to condense and twist fibers in a spinning cup that rotates at a high speed and output into yarn. Compared with ring-spun yarn, the yarn structure is fluffy, wear-resistant, evenly even, and more brightly dyed, but has lower strength. This type of yarn is mainly used for bulky and thick plain fabrics in woven fabrics, flannel fabrics with good hand feeling and knitted products.

Electrostatic yarn

Electrostatic yarn is a yarn made by condensing and twisting fibers using an electrostatic field. The structure of the yarn is the same as that of the air flow yarn, and its use is similar to that of the air flow yarn.

Vortex yarn

The vortex yarn is a fixed vortex spinning tube instead of the yarn spun by a spinning cup that rotates at a high speed. The yarn has more bending fibers, low strength, and poor evenness, but it has better dyeing and wear resistance. This type of yarn is mostly used for pile fabrics, such as fleece, sportswear and so on.

Dust cage yarn

Dust cage yarn, also called friction spinning, is a yarn made by condensing and twisting fibers using a pair of dust cages. The yarn has a layered structure, the core of the yarn has a large twist and a hard hand, and the outer layer has a small twist and a soft hand. This type of yarn is mainly used in industrial textiles, decorative fabrics, and can also be used on outer clothing (such as work clothes, protective clothing).

Non-free end yarn

The non-free-end yarn is another yarn spun by a new spinning method that is different from the free-end yarn, that is, in the process of twisting the fiber, the two ends of the fiber strip are in a gripped state, not the free end. This new type of yarn includes self-twisted yarn, air-jet yarn and core-spun yarn.

Self-twisted yarn

Self-twisted yarn is a new type of non-free end yarn. It is twisted by a reciprocating roller to twist two yarns. When the yarns are close in parallel, they twist and twist each other to form yarns. . This kind of yarn has uneven twist, and there are untwisted sections on a yarn, so the yarn strength is low. It is suitable for the production of wool yarn and chemical fiber yarn, and is more suitable for use on colorful fabrics and suede fabrics.

Air jet yarn

Air-jet yarn is a yarn spun by using high-speed jet vortex generated by compressed air to twist the yarn, after wrapping and kinking. The yarn structure is unique, the yarn core is almost untwisted, the outer fiber is randomly wrapped, the yarn is looser, the hand feels rough, and the strength is low. This kind of yarn can be processed into woven fabrics and knitted fabrics, making men's and women's tops, shirts, sportswear and work clothes.

Core spun yarn

Core-spun yarn is a yarn spun with filament as the core and wrapped short fiber. It has the advantages of core filament and wrapped short fiber, making the yarn performance more than single fiber. Commonly used yarn core filaments include polyester filaments, nylon filaments, and spandex filaments. Outsourcing staple fibers are commonly used in cotton, polyester/cotton, acrylic, wool, etc. Core-spun yarn is mainly used as sewing thread, shirt fabric, burnt-out fabric and stretch fabric.

Classified by yarn use

Woven yarn

Weaving yarn refers to the yarn used for processing woven fabrics, which is divided into warp yarn and weft yarn. The warp yarn used as the longitudinal yarn of the fabric has the characteristics of larger twist, higher strength and better wear resistance; the weft yarn used as the transverse yarn of the fabric has the characteristics of smaller twist, lower strength, but softness.

Knitting yarn

Knitting yarns are yarns used for knitted fabrics. The yarn quality requirements are high, the twist is small, and the strength is moderate.

Other yarns

Including sewing thread, embroidery thread, braided thread, miscellaneous thread, etc. According to different uses, the requirements for these yarns are different.

Folded single yarn
Single yarn refers to a yarn in which only one fiber bundle is twisted. It can be spun into a pure spun yarn from one raw material to form a pure textile fabric, or it can be composed of two or more raw materials to form a blended yarn, thereby forming a blended fabric.

Strand

A strand is a thread formed by twisting two or more single yarns. Its strength and wear resistance are better than single yarn. At the same time, the strands can also be combined and twisted in a certain way to obtain double-twisted strands, such as double strands, three strands and multiple strands. Mainly used for sewing thread, braided thread or medium-thick and strong fabrics.

Monofilament Monofilament is composed of a single fiber filament. Its diameter is determined by the thickness of the fiber filament. Generally only used for processing thin fabrics or knitted fabrics, such as nylon socks, veil and so on.

Textured yarn

Textured yarn is obtained by deforming synthetic fiber filaments from straightening to crimping, and is also called textured yarn or processed yarn. Textured yarns include high-elastic yarns, low-elastic yarns, bulked yarns and network yarns.

High elastic yarn

High-elastic yarns or high-elastic textured yarns have high stretchability, while bulkiness is average. Mainly used for stretch fabrics, mainly nylon high stretch yarn.

Low stretch yarn

Low stretch yarn or deformed stretch yarn has moderate stretchability and bulkiness. It is mostly used in knitted fabrics, mostly polyester low-stretch yarns.

Bulked yarn

Bulk yarn has low stretchability and high bulkiness. It is mainly used to make woolen yarn, underwear or outerwear and other fabrics that require good bulkiness. Its typical representative is acrylic bulked yarn, also called cashmere.

Network wire

Network yarn, also known as cross-entangled yarn, is formed by entanglement of part of the yarn in the process of making chemical fiber yarn before it is formed. This silk feels soft, bulky, and has good wool-like effects, and is mostly used for women's styles. The popular golf is also woven with this silk.

Special yarn

Special yarn (special yarn), also known as fancy yarn: refers to the special structure and appearance obtained by processing the fiber or yarn with special raw materials, special equipment or special technology in the process of spinning and threading. Effect yarn is a kind of yarn with decorative effect in yarn products. Since 2012, at the International Yarn and Fabric Exhibition, special yarns and fabrics have been dazzling. Special yarn woven products can be used as fabrics for coats, suits, outerwear, shirts and skirts; fancy yarn knitting products are widely used to make knitted garments; in addition, fancy yarns are also widely used in weaving sweaters , Hats, scarves, ties, carpets, etc., as well as decorative fabrics such as yarn releases, curtain fabrics, bedding, and high-end wall-mounted materials. Special yarns use a wide range of raw materials, including cotton, wool, silk, hemp, chemical fibers, and scraps. There are many special yarn production methods, and different methods can be combined to form new fancy yarn products. Mainly divided into six categories, more than 70 kinds.